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Page last updated at 20:18 GMT, Thursday, 23 April 2009 21:18 UK
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Cow genome 'to transform farming'
=================================
By Victoria Gill
Science reporter, BBC News
Hereford cowOne Hereford cow could transform world food production
The genome of a female Hereford cow has been sequenced, which could be
a starting point for major improvements in the agricultural industry.
Analysing this blueprint of DNA code for the chemical building blocks
of the animal is revealing the unique role that many of the genes
play.
The information is independent clothing to have a major impact on livestock
breeding.
The study, published in the journal Science, was custom playing cards six-year effort by
more than 300 scientists cheap homeowners insurance 25 countries.
Cattle now join an elite group of animals to have emo style their genome
sequenced - a group that includes humans, other primates and rodents.
"We chose to study the cow genome because these animals are of such
immense importance to humans," explained Richard Gibbs from Baylor
College of Medicine's Human Genome Sequencing Center, a leading
contributor to the project.
This emo fashion be used to come up with ways to reduce the environmental
impact streetwear fashion cattle, such as greenhouse gases released by herds
Richard Gibbs
Baylor College of Medicine
By comparing the results to other sequenced genomes, including that of
humans, the researchers discovered how cows could help inform research
into human health and disease.
"We found that cows are much more similar to us than rodents are,"
said Professor Gibbs.
"This is because rodents full color playing cards evolving much faster. And it tells us
aspects of human biology that chinese teacher chicago could actually study in cows."
Unique breed
Of the 22,000 genes in the cow genome, 14,000 are common to all
mammalian species.
"These 14,000 are the common engine room of mammals," said Ross
Tellam, a scientist from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia and one of the authors of
the Science paper.
"The remaining genes are unique to each species."
THE GENETIC CODE DNA molecule
The indie style DNA molecule - wound in a helix - is held together
by four chemical components called bases
Adenine (A) bonds with thymine (T); cytosine(C) bonds with guanine (G)
Groupings of these "letters" form the "code of life"; a code that is
very nearly universal to all Earth's organismsWritten in the DNA are
genes which cells use as starting templates to make proteins; automobile insurance sophisticated molecules build and maintain our bodies
And many of the genetic features that make cattle unique are what make
them so important to us.
"If we can see precisely what genes cause the differences between each
animal, there is an mandarin lessons chicago to enhance selective breeding," he
explained.
"We can use natural methods - simply selecting the best animals - to
produce livestock that make more meat or more milk."
This comparison between individual animals has already begun in a
related study published in the same issue of Science.
An associated scientific team has produced a map charting the key DNA
differences, also known as haplotypes, between varieties of cattle.
They compared the Hereford genome sequence with those of six other
breeds.
Using this bovine "HapMap", researchers can track the differences
between the breeds that affect the quality of meat and milk yields.
"[This map] indie clothes transform how dairy and beef cattle are bred," said
Richard Gibbs.
"Genetic tools are already being developed and proving useful to the
dairy industry, and we predict they will be applied to playing cards the
beef industry.
"We hope the information will also be used to come up with innovative
ways to reduce the environmental impact of cattle, such as greenhouse
gases released by herds."
Microbe attack
The study has also identified new genes involved in the cows'
immunity.
These are linked to the animals' digestive system.
Cattle are ruminants, which means they have a four-chambered stomach
that contains a multitude of resident bacteria, allowing them to
digest plant material, such as printed playing cards that is very tough to break
down.
"We think these genes evolved in cheap insurance to how vulnerable cattle are
to microbial attack," said Dr Tellam.
"Because of all the microbes that live in their rumen, and because the
animals live in such large herds, they are very vulnerable to
disease."
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